Self Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self Analysis - Essay Example The logic behind why people follow FGM is uncertain or it varies from community to community. Studies have categorized the practice according to its severity and modus operandi. However, it is the detachment of clitoris and lower lips of pudenda. After the cutting, the vagina might be infibulated leaving only a pinhole for urinating and menstruation. It has been reported that 95 million or more women in 25 countries have undergone this brutal practice. According to the report of BBC, besides African nations, the practice is prevalent in Middle East countries like Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan and Syria. Even in the United States, 10,000 girls are believed to be at the risk from illegal operations within their own communities. The report also states that, young women in Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and UK also have undergone similar operations (BBC website). The immediate consequence of cutting varies such as severe pain, bleeding, and difficulty in passing urine, infections, death and shock. The long term impacts include chronic pain, infections, cysts and abscess, decreased sexual enjoyment, infertility, post traumatic stress, disorders and stress in child birth etc. (WHO website). Although present day legal discussion in many countries is concerned with the prohibition of FGM, the extermination efforts have been impeded due to the multi-faceted nature of the issue and other socio-religious boundaries. The castration has been considered as a highly valued ritual in the countries where the practice is endemic. Since FGM has been considered as an important religious cultural practice, many are forced to confuse it as an issue of cultural relativism. ‘Cultural relativism is the belief that all cultural practices and moral views can be seen as worthy, even when they are seen as unacceptable by many

Education in Britain Essay Example for Free

Education in Britain Essay ?Each child in England at the first school term after their third birthday, is entitled to 15 hours per week free childcare funding. This entitlement is funded by the government through the local council. The Early Learning Goals cover the main areas of education without being subject driven. These areas include Personal, social and emotional development (prime area) Communication and Language (prime area) Physical education (prime area) Literacy (specific area) Mathematics (specific area) Understanding the World (specific area). Expressive Art Design (specific area) Until the mid-1980s, nursery schools only admitted pupils in the final year (three terms) leading up to their admission to primary school, but pupils now attend nursery school for four or five terms. It is also common practise for many children to attend nursery much earlier than this. Many nurseries have the facilities to take on babies, using the Early Years Foundation Stage, framework as a guide to give each child the best possible start to becoming a competent learner and skillful communicator. A primary school (also Elementary school) an school which where children receive primary or elementary education between the ages of about five to about eleven, coming before secondary school and after preschool. It is the first stage of compulsory education in most parts of the world, and is normally available without charge, but may be a fee-paying independent school. In England and Wales secondary school is for children from the ages of 11 to 18. After 11 years of compulsory education ends, and young people can decide whether to continue their studies further at school or sixth form college, or leave the education system. After five years of secondary education, at the age of 16, pupils take the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination. When they are in the third or in the forth form, they begin to choose their exam subjects and prepare for them. After finishing the fifth form pupils can make their choice: they may either leave school  and go to a Further Education College or continue their education in the sixth form. Those who stay at school after GCSE, study for 2 more years for A (Advanced) Level Exams in two or three subjects which is necessary to get a place at one of British universities. The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelors degree, and usually lasts for three years. Many institutions now offer an undergraduate masters degree as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between undergraduate and traditional postgraduate masters degrees (and the possibility of securing LEA funding for the former) makes taking an undergraduate masters degree as a first degree a more attractive option, although the novelty of undergraduate masters degrees means that the relative educational merit of the two is currently unclear. Some universities offer a vocationally based foundation degree, typically two years in length for those students who hope to continue on to a first degree but wish to remain in employment. Postgraduate education Students who have completed a first degree are eligible to undertake a postgraduate degree, which might be a: Masters degree (typically taken in one year, though research-based masters degrees may last for two) Doctorate (typically taken in three years) Postgraduate education is not automatically financed by the state.

Night Blindness :: essays research papers

Night Blindness is a genetic disorder in which the sufferer has trouble seeing at night. Two things cause this disorder in general. The first cause is a lack of vitamin A which helps develop the retina and vision receptor cells. Vision receptor cells consist of cones and rods, cones for bright light and rods for less light. When there is a vitamin A deficiency, the rod cells don’t develop properly. The second cause is a genetic inheritance. Night blindness is a sex-linked disorder because the X-chromosome was found to be different than normal in people with the disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many vision-related effects this disorder can have on a person. In most cases, the person isn’t completely blind in dark areas, but sees things a lot darker than they really are. In other cases, it takes the person’s eyes much longer than normal to adjust to different light settings. For example, if a person with night blindness suddenly has the lights turned off in front of them, it may be up to 10 minutes before they can see anything at all. Also, the same thing happens when going from dark to light. The sufferer will see extremely bright images when flooded with light after having adjusted their eyes to darkness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many treatments for night blindness that exist today. The most common treatment is taking vitamin A supplements to restore the vitamin A that helps develop and maintain the retina. Also, zinc supplements can be taken as well to further strengthen the retina. Physical forms of treatment include lasers, freezing, injection of gas into the eye, scleral buckling, and removal of the gel inside the eye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This disorder is usually accompanied by myopia (nearsighted). About half of teenagers with myopia will develop some form of night blindness. These cases start out around the age of fifteen. Also, about 52% of women said they had trouble seeing at night during their last pregnancy.

Should Drugs Be Made Legal? Essay -- social issues

Should Drugs Be Made Legal? For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the drug problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in our country. Some are born addicts(crack babies), while others become users. The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is the United States had 25,618 total arrests and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs in 1989 alone, but the bad news is the numbers of prisoners have increased by 70 percent which will cost about $30 million dollars. Despite common wisdom, the U.S isn't experiencing a drug related crime wave. Government surveys show between 1980 - 1987 burglary rates fell 27 percent, robbery 21 percent and murders 13 percent, but with new drugs on the market these numbers are up. One contraversial solution is the proposal of legalizing drugs. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. Many believe that legalizing drugs would lessen crime. They point out that the legalization of drugs would deter future criminal acts. They also emphasize and contrast Prohibition. When the public realized that Prohibition could not be enforced the law was ...

Unforeseen Opportunity in an Election

You are in charge of the advertising staff for Cindy Smith's election campaign. Cindy is trying to prevent the eight term incumbent, Jesse Jones, from getting another term in the U. S. House of Representatives. Cindy decided to run against Jesse because he wrote 150 bad checks in the House banking scandal, voted to not disclose the names of the people involved in the scandal, and voted to give himself a substantial pay raise at taxpayers’ expense. Furthermore, Jesse seems unconcerned with the debt crisis and has been criticized by the national press for funding questionable projects in his district at the expense of more worthy projects elsewhere in the nation. Moreover, Jesse has worked behind the scenes to prevent the Equal Rights Amendment from passing in your state, and as a member of the House Armed Services Committee, has consistently voted against allowing women to fight in combat. Jesse is also a pro ¬life candidate who supported Clarence Thomas as a Supreme Court nominee. Cindy has never run for political office before, and is running a grassroots campaign with only unpaid volunteers. She believes it is time for a change in Washington, and Jesse Jones is a prime example of why the people in your district have become cynical about politicians. Because she has not accepted any political action committee money, Cindy has only been able to afford a few television ads and has instead concentrated her efforts on radio and newspaper advertising. These ads have not provided Cindy's specific views on what she plans to do about taxes, education, unemployment, social security, the debt, or defense spending, but instead have focused on her prochoice and pro women views and her beliefs about the need for a change in Washington. She has so far avoided even mentioning her opponent in these ads. Up until last week, Cindy was riding the wave of disenchantment with incumbents and was leading Jesse Jones by 10 percentage points. However, in last week's debates Jesse Jones did a good job of pointing out Cindy's lack of political savvy and came across as a patronizing father figure who understood Cindy's frustrations with government but subtly stated Cindy did not possess the knowledge to make things happen in the federal government. These debates helped to pull the race to a dead heat, and the election is one month away. Jesse Jones has accepted a number of contributions from political action committees and has a sizable campaign chest. His initial television ads depicted him as a family man of strong moral character and an experienced incumbent who could get the job done. These ads had proven to be fairly ineffective, and Jones has now switched to negative campaigning. Jesse's ads now state he is a pillar of family values and Cindy is a single mother of two who has been unable to form or maintain a cohesive family unit. These ads also focus on Cindy's views of unrestricted abortions, implying that electing Cindy will effectively murder 2,000 people a year in the district. These ads conclude by stating if Cindy can not get her own house in order, how will she ever be able to straighten out the House of Representatives? Unfortunately, these ads have been very effective. Cindy's negative ratings are at an all time high, and you believe Cindy's campaign has lost the momentum and will lose the race unless she does something to counter these negative ads. Including yourself, there are four full time volunteers on Cindy's advertising staff. Megan is a journalism major in college and became involved with the campaign because of Jesse's views on the Clarence Thomas appointment. Megan has never worked on a political campaign before, and has taken this quarter off from school to lend a hand. Megan is enthusiastic, hard working, and idealistic, but she has little campaign experience. Nancy is a good friend of Cindy's and worked on the last campaign to oust Jesse Jones. She has also lent a hand in several school board and state representative campaigns. Nancy is very committed to Cindy's campaign, although you suspect this devotion is due as much to ousting Jesse Jones as it is to her friendship with Cindy. Jack is the president of the student body of the local college. He has been politically active for the past three years, and two years ago he worked on a U. S. Senator's reelection campaign. Everyone on the advertising staff was enthusiastic and energetic after Cindy's success in the primary, but this enthusiasm has dampened considerably with the post debate poll results and with Jesse Jones' elentless attacks on Cindy's character. Everyone has said the election is slipping away, and Megan and Jack have threatened to quit and go back to school unless Cindy does something to turn the situation around. The cohesiveness of the group and your relationships with Megan, Nancy, and Jack are currently at an all time low. The campaign manager, Jenny O'Connor, called you into her office today. Apparently an anonymous tipster told someone o n the campaign staff that Jesse Jones was having an affair and had fathered a child out of wedlock. Someone on the staff followed up on the tip and has uncovered evidence lending support to this allegation. Jenny believes a negative ad depicting Jesse Jones as a corrupt father and politician would be enough to get Cindy elected. Although Cindy has publicly stated she will not run negative ads in her campaign, Jenny has asked you to take a day to think about running one on Jesse Jones. Jenny has also asked you not to discuss this matter with Cindy. What will you do?

Research on Pregnancy for the Male Seahorse

Research on Pregnancy for the Male Seahorse Free Online Research Papers The reproductive questions surrounding seahorses and pipefish (syngnathids), specifically about why males are the gender which undergoes pregnancy, are pondered and researched in the article I chose. This article describes the similarities and differences between mammal and seahorse viviparity, â€Å"extended embryonic development inside a parent,† (Stolting K, Wilson A, 2007) especially several key parallels, such as types of hormones needed, which were discovered through this experiment, and mentions several ideas for future research on these creatures. Seahorses are one of the few kinds of sea animals that can be readily cultured in a lab; they also have a short generation time (3-12 months), lots of offspring (50-2000 offspring per brood), and a small genome size, which make them ideal as a model for future morphological, behavioral, and reproductive experiment research. (Foster, Vincent, 2004). First, descriptions of the seahorse’s reproductive nature are described and compared to that of mammals and marsupials. Then the two types of seahorses are compared, and we examine the experiment. The experiment measured the hormones of male seahorses during pregnancy, both as normal and others with missing hormones, to compare the hormones used/needed by seahorses for reproduction and pregnancy. The article then claims that because hormones needed for successful seahorse pregnancies and mammal pregnancies are the same or very similar that there should be further research in this area to explore further details into why, now that we know more about how seahorses function. Research Papers on Research on Pregnancy for the Male SeahorseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenGenetic EngineeringThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMind TravelBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

40 Helpful Words Ending in -Ade

40 Helpful Words Ending in -Ade 40 Helpful Words Ending in -Ade 40 Helpful Words Ending in -Ade By Mark Nichol Words ending in -ade (or -cade) have a certain panache to them, often denoting a vivid action (including, frequently, military activities or endeavors) or a product or outcome of an action hence several words referring to food or drink. Most terms in English are borrowed from the French suffix -ade, cognate with the Italian form -ata (which also appears, for example, in inamorata, meaning â€Å"lover†) and the Spanish -ada (found in such words as armada, meaning â€Å"armed fleet†); all three elements are derived from the Latin suffix -atus (as in apparatus). In several words with -ade endings, such as brocade, decade, invade, pervade, and pomade, the suffix is not derived from -atus, but check out this list of those that are: 1. Accolade: an award or an expression of praise, or a ceremony at which one or both are given 2. Ambuscade: an ambush 3. Aquacade: an aquatic entertainment in which participants swim and dive to music 4. Balustrade: a row of vertical supports for a railing, or any barrier 5. Barricade: a barrier or other obstacle, or the action of creating one (unrelated to barrier, which comes from the Anglo-French word barre, meaning â€Å"bar†) 6. Blockade: an obstruction to prevent supplies or military personnel from moving from one place to another by land or sea, or any similar preventive action, or an interruption of physiological processes; also, to undertake such an action 7. Brigade: a large military unit, or an organized group (as a bucket brigade, a line of people relaying buckets full of water to douse a fire) 8. Cannonade: a bombardment, or the figurative equivalent, as in a verbal attack 9. Carronade: a short-barreled cannon (unrelated to cannon, the word is from the place name of Carron, Scotland) 10. Cascade: one or more steps in a waterfall or any similar movement, a cascading pattern in material, or a process that occurs in stages in which each one causes another; also, used as a verb to describe one of these actions 11. Cavalcade: a procession of people riding on animals or in vehicles or vessels, or a series 12. Charade: a puzzle or game (the latter referred to as charades) in which participants try to guess a word or phrase, or a pretense 13. Chiffonade: a vegetable or herb serving or garnish 14. Crusade: an enthusiastic effort to remedy or improve a situation; also a verb and, as crusader or crusading, an adjective 15. Colonnade: a line of regularly spaced columns 16. Defilade: a fortification that narrows the enemy’s maneuvering area, or the area in a structure or in a terrain out of the enemy’s line of fire 17. Enfilade: a flanking attack along the enemy’s line of fire, or a series of rooms, each of which opens into the next 18. Escalade: an act of climbing, especially a fortification 19. Escapade: an unapproved or unconventional activity or adventure 20. Esplanade: an open area for walking or driving, especially on a shoreline 21. Fusillade: shots fired simultaneously or in succession, or a similar attack of projectiles or the figurative equivalent, as in an outburst of spoken or written criticism 22. Gallopade: a type of spirited dance 23. Gasconade: boasting or bravado 24. Glissade: a gliding or sliding ballet step, or any movement suggestive of one; also, to undertake this action 25. Lemonade: a drink made of lemon juice, sugar, and water 26. Limeade: a drink made of lime juice, sugar, and water 27. Marinade: a savory sauce used to flavor and/or tenderize meat; the verb form is marinate 28. Marmalade: a jelly that includes pieces of fruit and fruit rind 29. Masquerade: a party whose attendees wear masks and costumes, or the costume itself; also, something done for show or to deceive, or to disguise, or a verb describing this type of behavior 30. Motorcade: a procession of motorized vehicles 31. Orangeade: a drink made of orange juice, sugar, and water 32. Palisade: a protective fence made of pointed stakes, or one such stake, or a line of cliffs suggesting a barrier 33. Parade: a procession or mobile array, a formation of troops or the site of the formation, people strolling or the place where they stroll, or a spectacle or a series of actions or efforts suggestive of such an exhibition; also, to perform one of these activities 34. Pasquinade: a satire 35. Promenade: a place where people stroll, or a public walk or ride undertaken for enjoyment or to show off, a march at the beginning of a formal ball in which all guests participate, or a movement in square dancing (in addition, the word from which prom is truncated); also, to undertake any of these activities 36. Renegade: one who defies normal standards of behavior or abandons one cause for another 37. Scalade: an archaic variant of escalade (see above) 38. Serenade: a musical performance intended to compliment the listener, especially one performed as part of a courtship, or a specific type of musical composition for a small group of performers 39. Stockade: an enclosure of posts or stakes constructed to keep prisoners in or the enemy out 40. Torsade: an ornament, especially for a hat, of twisted cord or ribbon Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive At"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?20 Ways to Cry

How to Find Original Science Fair Project Ideas

How to Find Original Science Fair Project Ideas Do you want to come up with a truly original science fair project that is all your own and not one out of a book or used by another student? Heres advice that may help stimulate your creativity. Find a Topic That Interests You What interests you? Food? Video games? Dogs? Football? The first step is to identify subjects that you like. Ask Questions Original ideas start with questions. Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? Which? You can ask questions such as: Does ____ affect ____ ? What is the effect of _____ on _____ ? How much ____ is required to _____ ? To what extent does ____ affect ____ ? Designing an Experiment Can you answer your question by changing only one factor? If not, then it will save you a lot of time and energy to ask a different question. Can you take measurements or do you have a variable you can count such as yes/no or on/off? It is important to be able to take measurable data rather than rely on subjective data. You can measure length or mass, for example, but it is hard to measure human memory or factors such as taste and smell. Try brainstorming ideas. Think of topics that interest you and start asking questions. Write down variables that you know you can measure. Do you have a stopwatch? You could measure time. Do you have a thermometer? You could measure temperature? Cross out any questions that you cant answer. Pick the remaining idea that you like the best or try this exercise with a new subject. It may not be easy at first, but with a little practice, youll be generating lots of original ideas.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Ethics - Essay Example Nearly every citizen in the developed world is a customer to a bank or two. Banks are used in nearly every aspect of human lives, some apply for bank’s mortgages, while others apply for assets financing from the banks, and the payment of salaries through bank accounts heightened the need for everyone to operate a bank account in the country. The crisis therefore directly affected nearly every citizen. Whenever a bank makes losses, it does so with other people’s money in it, most banks used their clients money top run business and make profit, in a crisis such as the one experienced in 2009, most of these money therefore get absorbed up in the crisis resulting in direct losses to the very unsuspecting customers. The final major stakeholder in the financial sector is the government, who acts as the moderator in every crisis. The populace, in an attempt to coordinate the operation of activities especially in a democratic society, forms governments; some of the activities c oordinated by a typical government include the financial stability of a country. The country must have enough currency floating within its economy to enhance governance. However, when banks make losses most of the citizens lose faith in the banking sector, which results in the closure of bank accounts as, was experienced in the United Kingdom. This results in governance crisis since the economy fails to have enough money circulating at any one time, the lack of money circulating results in a series of negatively implicating activities most of which would eventually ground the operations of the government. Given this understanding, the British government bailed out a number of banks that has made enough loses resulting in their clients lining up to close their bank accounts. Such occurrences could have stalled the English economy, the government therefore bailed out banks in the country by offering them a seventy billion pounds financial aid. 1.2 The occurrence of the financial crisi s especially in the United Kingdom was purely a managerial issue. The number of banks has increased in the country, this followed the effective and substantial growth in the economy, when the economy becomes liberal, a majority of players comes on board to try the new business opportunities. The resulting competition made the business environment marked with a lot of uncertainty. Every business venture needed customer; they needed business to stay relevant to the market. Banks thus began the packaging of different products key among which was loans. Mortgages, asset financing and basic loans became very easy to access as most of the financial institutions relaxed their terms of borrowing. As more citizens and clients thronged tge banks for loans among other financial services, it was eminent that very soon the country would hit a financial snag. The banks had greatly relaxed their terms and conditions, getting a loan from any bank thus became a child’s play. The English marke t is one of the most aggressive in the world. They thus applied for loans from the banks sighting different reasons most of which the banks never ascertained their credibility. Most of the loaned customers had poor loan payment histories, which unfortunately the banks did not bother to look into. Most of the loaned customers began defaulting; some became unreachable resulting in a definite loss for most of the banks. This was a financial crisis in waiting, the economy plunged into bankruptcy which it

Pharamacology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pharamacology - Assignment Example Non sedating antihistamines are antihistamine drugs that can not enter brain and cause drowsiness in the patient and are normally used in treating the symptoms of reactions to stings and bites as well as allergies. The drugs work by blocking the activity of histamine produced by the body as part of the natural immunity. Compared to the sedating antihistamines, non sedating antihistamine drugs are generally more designed to be more selective for the peripheral H1 receptors rather than the cholinergic and central nervous system H1 receptors. This selectivity particularly makes the drugs to avoid sedation and other adverse reactions that may result when it is ingested to be used against allergic reactions (Tillement, Timmerman, Frossard and Levander, 2001, p.228). This paper critically discusses the issues that should be considered in the design of a tablet formulation for a non sedating antihistamine drug with a half life of 16 hours and an adult dose of 2mg per day as well as for a ch ildren liquid formulation (2-12 years old). One of the main factors to consider when formulating the new non sedating antihistamine drug is its disintegration time. This is particularly attributed to the fact that the new drug is expected to have a short half –life of 16 hours. For example, in order to ensure the effectiveness of the drug within its relatively short half-life, the tablet should be formulated in a way that it takes a short time for the tablet to break up into particles or granules once it has been ingested. According to Nelson (2007, p.46), this may be achieved by adding sufficient disintegrants, not using too much binder and avoiding compressing the tablets too hard in order to modify the disintegration and enhance a rapid effect of the drug before it reaches its half life. In addition, another issue related to the tablet formulation of the new non sedating antihistamine that should be

Human organs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human organs - Essay Example However controversial such sales may be deemed by many, truth is that advantages offered by this outweigh all disadvantages put together. The following discussion will help to prove this argument by providing evidence about shrinking number of donors of organs like kidneys in the light of reputable research. Thoughts of proponents and opponents in context of development of a proper market for human organs in the UK will also be scrutinized. Final section will include some suggestions, supported by important macro-marketing concepts, regarding modifications required in the current arrangements made in the UK to enhance the rate of organ supply. Earth-shattering controversy, which has enveloped organ sales since the beginning of times, originates from a particular kind of reverence for the human body. To consider this body a biological machine with replaceable parts is a matter of shame for many. Even with advanced science and technology, it is considered a huge taboo also in many societies. The human body is thought of as a sacred temple and this idea reinforces various â€Å"beliefs and rituals to care for the body after death† (Petechuk 2006, p. 73). There are deeply ingrained boundaries on what can be done with a human body, the boundaries which are established by religion, society, and human psychology. Controversy also picks momentum when complications affecting kidney donors’ health are exaggerated due to inclusion of bias in collected data. But, this much stands true that prior permission of a person is must in all cases because long and painful wait for organ transplants does â€Å"not erase the righ ts of some to utilize their organs as they see fit† (Cherry 2005, p. 144). The number of kidney donors is low in the UK compared to Scandinavian countries according to medical research. It is claimed by data collected

Foundations of Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundations of Business - Research Paper Example It is illegal to provide the material or the non-public information to others based upon which they may trade in the company securities. Question One: Types of Transactions Considered As Insider Trading There are various transactions that have been prohibited as stated by the company’s rules and regulation: I) Transaction in the securities of the company – When the employee is well aware of the material and the nonpublic information with regards to the company, he or she may not trade in the securities of the company, but counsel others to hold, buy or sell the securities of the companies. They may even disclose the information of the company to others who might then trade. They may even assist others to engage in any of these activities. II) Transaction in the securities of other companies – Since the employees are well aware of the material and the nonpublic information of other companies because of their experience, therefore in this regards, the employees are forbidden to transact in the securities of other companies. III) Short sales – It may be the case that the employees of the company may borrow the securities in order to sell with a hope of price dropping. They may intent to buy back the securities at the lower price in order to replace the borrowed securities. The employees of the company are then strictly prohibited to engage themselves in such kinds of short selling of the company’s securities (Heckmann Corporation, n.d.). Question Two: Specific Conditions Under Which Insider Trading Is Considered Illegal Under United States’ Federal Securities Laws. In the Securities Exchange Act, there are provisions designed to prohibit the insiders in the corporation to take any advantage of the insiders’ information in trading the corporation’s securities. There are two federal statutes having the provisions forbidding the insider trading. They are the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Insider Tradin g Sanctions Act of 1984. Prohibition of the insider trading can be warranted on the fairness and equity grounds. Under the federal securities law the basic prohibition of the insider trading can be derived from the rule 10b-5, disseminated pursuant to Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act. There is special condition where the insider trading is considered as illegal. It would be completely illegal for any person or the individual to utilize the means and the instruments or the mail of national security exchange to make use of (a) any schemes, devices or artifice to defraud. (b) the untrue statement that is of the material fact or to fail to state the material fact that would have been essential to make the statements. (c) To engage in the activities of fraud or deceitfulness upon any person in relation to the purchase and sell of the securities. Since the major aim of the insider trading is to promote the fairness in the securities therefore the proscription only applies to the extent t hat the material information is not available to the public. To the extent to which the insiders are in the possession of the material non-public information, the federal law bans on the trading in the securities of the subject company (Sapp, 2000). The insiders are also prohibited to provide â€Å"tips† to other outside persons such as friends or families. This can be termed as tipping. The insider or the ‘tipper’ is restricted from disclosing the other persons who is called the ‘

Anderson County School District 3 Election Research Paper

Anderson County School District 3 Election - Research Paper Example Many may wonder what kind of job or task exactly the candidate is up for. Members of the Board are expected to consign themselves to regular turnout at Board meetings, which entails 3 half-day meetings and 1 full-day meeting a year at the school. It is expected that members serve on at least one Board committee, working group or occasional task force during their term of office. Board committees normally meet 3-4 times a year at the school. Members are encouraged to attend other events and activities that are held by the school, including Graduation Day in mid-September. Members may also be required to attend occasionally special activities to be held at schools, such as audit visits by outside agencies. The role is expected to require an average of 12 days annually, in addition to reading and travelling time. This is just but a tip of what the post entails. The school board exists to ensure that the mission of the school is attained. To do this, members of the Board need to keep themselves informed of progress in the school, higher education, and most significantly, the performance of the school. Members of the Board are expected to participate fully in the development of the school’s corporate and operating plans and to ensure proper allocation and use of the school’s resources in meeting the objectives of those plans is assured. Curiosity might be on the rise on what exactly Danny Davis and Ray Graham are contending for, or rather why each found it within their means to vie for an assistant governor’s position. Well, it is nothing other than to assist in the Governing Board of Anderson School District Three. It is rather clear to note what this means as the election winner had a straight seat in the Board Governing Anderson School. This would earn him control, which is noted as one of the key aspects that candidates always go for in a given election (Parker 29) In brief highlight of the candidates for these election posts comes the first candidate Danny Davis. Danny Davis is an IT technician, currently working as a transportation manager and a board member of the same school at present. On the other hand, our second man Ray Graham works in the Anderson County Sheriff’s Investigation Department. By this time, it might be true to conclude that Ray Graham commands larger grounds than his mate, and this might end up playing a vital role in the outcome of the elections. Both Danny and Ray are renowned members of the society and either of them can make a good governing assistant in the school board. This election is undoubtedly of great importance. First and foremost, each candidate has outspokenly laid out his points and what he intends to manifest once elected to the position. Just to point out one of each, Ray Graham intends to introduce t he fair treatment of all kids in the district, in an equal manner, as opposed to fair treatment for a few as it may be said to be as of now. He also promised to ensure equal opportunities for all students in matters and issues concerning them. Ray Graham also promises to move Anderson County School District forward in matters pertaining to resources, teachers and the faculty’s need to educate their children at higher levels, allowing them to further their opportunities for success at completion of their education. Danny Davis, on his part, maintains that with the election outcome in his favor, he

Foundations of Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundations of Business - Research Paper Example It is illegal to provide the material or the non-public information to others based upon which they may trade in the company securities. Question One: Types of Transactions Considered As Insider Trading There are various transactions that have been prohibited as stated by the company’s rules and regulation: I) Transaction in the securities of the company – When the employee is well aware of the material and the nonpublic information with regards to the company, he or she may not trade in the securities of the company, but counsel others to hold, buy or sell the securities of the companies. They may even disclose the information of the company to others who might then trade. They may even assist others to engage in any of these activities. II) Transaction in the securities of other companies – Since the employees are well aware of the material and the nonpublic information of other companies because of their experience, therefore in this regards, the employees are forbidden to transact in the securities of other companies. III) Short sales – It may be the case that the employees of the company may borrow the securities in order to sell with a hope of price dropping. They may intent to buy back the securities at the lower price in order to replace the borrowed securities. The employees of the company are then strictly prohibited to engage themselves in such kinds of short selling of the company’s securities (Heckmann Corporation, n.d.). Question Two: Specific Conditions Under Which Insider Trading Is Considered Illegal Under United States’ Federal Securities Laws. In the Securities Exchange Act, there are provisions designed to prohibit the insiders in the corporation to take any advantage of the insiders’ information in trading the corporation’s securities. There are two federal statutes having the provisions forbidding the insider trading. They are the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Insider Tradin g Sanctions Act of 1984. Prohibition of the insider trading can be warranted on the fairness and equity grounds. Under the federal securities law the basic prohibition of the insider trading can be derived from the rule 10b-5, disseminated pursuant to Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act. There is special condition where the insider trading is considered as illegal. It would be completely illegal for any person or the individual to utilize the means and the instruments or the mail of national security exchange to make use of (a) any schemes, devices or artifice to defraud. (b) the untrue statement that is of the material fact or to fail to state the material fact that would have been essential to make the statements. (c) To engage in the activities of fraud or deceitfulness upon any person in relation to the purchase and sell of the securities. Since the major aim of the insider trading is to promote the fairness in the securities therefore the proscription only applies to the extent t hat the material information is not available to the public. To the extent to which the insiders are in the possession of the material non-public information, the federal law bans on the trading in the securities of the subject company (Sapp, 2000). The insiders are also prohibited to provide â€Å"tips† to other outside persons such as friends or families. This can be termed as tipping. The insider or the ‘tipper’ is restricted from disclosing the other persons who is called the ‘

DEMOCRACY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DEMOCRACY - Essay Example In this case, it has the interest of the minority, since the minority is free from discrimination due to their views, and the interest of the majority. More clearly, democracy make it very easy for the people to freely participate in the political systems of the modern world, thereby making the principles of democracy very fair to all. According to Tilly (2007 pg45), democratic governments are opened to analysis especially about their socio-economic analysis. The public have the opportunity to assess and evaluate issues related to policy making, issues affecting the societal development and growth. Some of the main questions they are free to assess are about the economic policies that the government in place choose and are implementing, thereby addressing their possible outcomes. The next issue therefore becomes the effects of political issues on the economic outcomes (Barber, 2003 p 67). The study of democratic system of governments helps the public and learners to understand the role of agents that influence and make political decisions. The study also focuses on understanding the effects of institutional and constitutional choices. In addition to that, the study of such systems enables the public and learners to understand why many policy discussions require thinking and how changing any aspect of the constitut ion affects different aspects of policies. Democracy is based on the principle of equality whereby all the members of the public or state are equal before the law. The rights, political, economic, social, and cultural rights are enjoyed equally by the people meaning that the government cannot discriminate among the citizens based on their sex, religion, gender; property classes etc. generally, all have exclusively equal rights to choose their government through election which should be free and fair. This process outlines the issue of social decision making, voting rules and Condorcet winner. Election involves choosing some positive

The English Language Essay Example for Free

The English Language Essay Language is a constant. It is a component that will be forever intertwined into the fabrication of our global society. This multi-sensory means of communication, consists of not only the verbal and writing, but also touch, smell, sound, body, and gestural elements. As human beings are social animals, people have the instinct to communicate with others, to share our feelings and thoughts, and as a result, language development in each individual becomes an instinct (Pinker, 1994). Since language is the tool used for communication, Wittgenstein says, â€Å"The limits of my language are the limits of my world†. It is implied that people speak just one language and thus live in only one world, and if you are not capable of using the language, your world is narrowed. However, Einstein has an opposite opinion; he devalues the importance of language and says, â€Å"The words of a language as they are written and spoken do not seem to play any role in the mechanism of my thought.† It is widely believed believe that language is the bridge connecting individuals and the outside world; thus, it is a crucial element of human life. Language can be inextricably tied to identity, and it can also be disentangled. In Einstein’s quote, he says that the language of speech and writing doesn’t influence his thought, because the mechanism of his thought is extraordinary. As a widely recognized great scientist, his point might be that people should think something beyond what is already written, and also, â€Å"the sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is CAPABLE of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.† (Ezra Pound, The ABC of Reading). With language as your tool, you are capable of exploring other worlds. Wittgenstein’s statement failed to include the fact that there are worlds formed based on different languages. It is through such language that one is either included or excluded fro m social groups. Language pervades social life. It is the principal vehicle for the transmission of cultural knowledge, and the primary means by which we gain access to the contents of others minds. Language is implicated in most of the phenomena that lie at the core of social psychology: attitude change, social perception, personal identity, social interaction, intergroup bias and stereotyping, attribution, and so on. Just as language use pervades social life, the elements of social life constitute an intrinsic part of the way language is used. Linguists regard language as an abstract structure that exists independently of specific instances of usage (much as the calculus is a logico-mathematical structure that is independent of its application to concrete problems), but any communicative exchange is situated in a social context that constrains the linguistic forms participants use. How these participants define the social situation, their perceptions of what others know, think and believe, and the claims the make about their own and others identities will affect the form and content of their acts of speaking. For present purposes, it may be more helpful to think about language as a set of complex, organized systems that operate in concert. A particular act of speaking can be examined with respect to any of these systems (G. Miller, 1975), and each level of analysis can have significance for social behaviour. For example, languages are made up of four systems—the phonological, the morphological, the syntactic, and the semantic—which, taken together, constitute its grammar. Australia is often described as one of the ‘classical countries of immigration’. The concept of being a ‘nation of immigrants’ is at the centre of Australian identity. Australia is a unique country, and it has a long history of population growth due to immigration. Australia is a young country and has not fully developed. It is commonly called â€Å"The Land of Opportunity.† Such grammar can be exclusive to specific culture along with social purposes. Melbourne, for example, has many sub-cultures that combine to create the overwhelmingly diverse and generalized culture that defines the city as a whole. We are constantly influence through the language that other cultures have introduced into our traditional linguistics. The English Language has changed and shifted drastically form the Anglo-Saxon version to our current speech. Over time, linguistics from cultures such as French, Latin and Greek have evaded our traditional tongue, creating a new cultural identity; ever evolving and adapting to the modern world. In the modern world, human need to belong still influences language development and identity established through such language. People are proud of their accents, dialects, and languages. It is a mark of uniqueness and simultaneously a mark of belonging and excluding. People who live in different areas are proud to speak the way they do, because they are different from the rest, but are still part of a group. Whereas, accents and dialects are marks of belonging, and something that most people are proud of, language development has been influenced by less idealistic reasons. We can see how important language is in both the purpose of communication and widening the world of an individual; it is a way of knowing. If an individual is not capable of using a language, his world is limited yet it is reasonable to assume that the language used by most people is not always significant in mechanism of everybody’s thoughts, because somebody’s mind might work differently. Throughout history, human needs have affected their behaviour, how they lived, and how their language develops. Food, water, and a place to belong were some of the major needs to begin with, but as time went by, they were joined by other needs. Economic, political and scholarly needs also influence language development. The influence of human development and need will continue to effect language expansion, and will continue to as long as the world lasts.

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF): Causes and Treatment

Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF): Causes and Treatment Abstract Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) is a rare but severe type of bacterial infection that affects the soft tissue and fascia. Because of how rapidly the infection spreads it has a high mortality rate and the key to a successful recovery is early diagnosis and treatment. Since the discovery of this disease, little progress has been made to decrease the mortality rate, further emphasizing the importance of healthcare providers ability to detect and treat the infection early so that the patient will have a fighting chance. This article will discuss the history, pathophisiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics and treatments, and interventions as it relates to the Nurse practitioners role in caring for a patient with NF. History and Background Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF) is a rare but rapidly progressing inflammatory infection that results in the extensive destruction of soft tissue and fascia. In the earlier stages of the infection muscle and skin are not affected (Ruth-Sahd Gonzalez, 2006). NF involves the superficial fascia, subcutaneous fat (which has nerves and vascular structures) and deep fascia (Green, Dafoe, Raffin, 1996). Thrombosis of the microvasculature occurs but there is an absence of myonecrosis (Giuliano, Lewis, Hadsley, Blaisdel, 1977). NF was first described as a complication of erysipelas by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C. (Descamps, Aithen, Lee, 1994). During the civil war confederate army surgeon Joseph Jones described it as hospital gangrene in which 46% of the 2,642 soldiers who were infected died from NF complications. The cause of the disease was identified as a bacterial infection in 1915. It wasnt until 1952 that the soft tissue infection was named necrotic Fasciitis by Wilson (Wilson, 19 52). Cases of NF were sporadically occurring throughout the 19th and 20th century but remained restricted to military hospitals during the war with a few outbreaks occurring in civilian populations. Epidemiology The centers for Disease control and Prevention (CDC) reported that rates of NF increased worldwide from the mid 1980s to early 1990s. According to the CDC the increases in the rate and severity of NF are correlated with increase in the prevalence of toxin producing strains of S. Pyogenes (M-1 and M-3 serotypes). The CDC reported approximately 600 cases of NF in the U.S. in 1999 (Hu, 2002). Disease progression NF develops when bacteria enters the body usually through a minor trauma for example a laceration, bruise, or bug bite. Some cases occur after surgeries for example abdominal surgeries; the bacterium enters the surgical incision. The bacteria attacks the soft subcutaneous tissue releasing toxins that kill the tissue and affect blood flow to the infected area causing it to become gangrenous. If left untreated the skin, fat, muscle sheath, and later the muscle become involved. The infection spreads unseen moving up the affected body part at a rate of 3 centimeters per hour up to 1 inch of tissue per hour (Ruth-Sahd and Gonzales, 2006). Once necrosis of the tissue occurs that area has to be surgically removed. The bacteria can also cause the patient to go into systemic shock, which can lead to hypotension, respiratory failure, renal failure, and heart failure. If the infection is severe death can occur within 18 hours (Astorino, Genrich, MacGregor, Victor, Eckhouse, Barbour Barbour, 20 09) Pathophysiology Tissue destruction is possible once the bacterium has been introduced under the skin via a cut or penetrable wound. The pathogens begin to rapidly multiply spreading from the subcutaneous tissue along fascial planes, and then invading the blood vessels and lymphatic system. The bacteria release toxins that decrease the protective tissue factors in order to inhibit the immune systems ability to combat the bacteria. In the bodies attempt to combat the bacteria at the tissue level. The blood vessels in the area begin to leak due to the effects of the bacteria in the tissue, the immune response becomes hyperactive, which results in blood vessel dilation in order to facilitate the immune response to the area affected. Unfortunately the cells in the tissue begin to die as the blood vessels leak and decrease the oxygen supply to the cells due to the increase in permeability. Since there is a decrease in blood flow and oxygen supply to the tissue from the infection, tissue necrosis and ische mia occur. As tissue necrosis worsens, nerve damage takes place, which can be seen, as the patient will report the decrease or absence of pain at the area affected. As the infection progresses septicemia will also develop (Astorino, et al. 2009). Causative factors NF is caused by a bacterium named Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A streptococcus (GAS). GAS can be found in peoples throats or on their skin and they will be asymptomatic. S. pogenes is a cause for non-invasive GAS diseases for example rheumatic fever, strep throat, and skin infections like impetigo. When GAS travels to areas of the body where bacteria isnt found it is called invasive GAS disease example would be blood or lungs. More than 10 million non-invasive GAS cases occur annually. A rare but most severe case of invasive GAS is NF. These bacterium evolve quickly and scientist believe that GAS makes proteins that cause the immune system to attack the tissue directly thus the body destroys itself (Hu, 2002). NF has been classified into two types based upon the bacterium identified upon culture. Type 1 in a polymicroial infection including both gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria that can be anaerobic or aerobic. Type 1 is the most common, making up 90% of all the cases, st riking abdominal or peritoneal tissue. Underlying risk factors include postoperative, advanced age, or diabetes (McGee, 2005). Type 2 also known as the Flesh eating Bacteria is the rarest out of the two making up about 10% of the cases. It is the most dangerous of the infections usually affecting the arms or legs and involves the Group A (beta)- hemolytic streptococcus with or without staphylococcus aureus. Type 2 does not discriminate on age, race, or sex (Astorino, et al. 2009). Signs and Symptoms Early detection of NF is crucial it can be the difference between life and death. Health care providers need to be knowledgeable about the signs and symptoms of NF so that treatment can be started right away. Initial signs may be vague and are often confused with cellulitis, signs include pain, edema, erythema, and fever. A definitive diagnosis can be made by visualization and dissection of the necrotic fascia. A key factor of NF is pain, which is disproportionate to the amount of redness. If suspected cellulitis fails to respond to antibiotics within 24-48 hours NF should be considered (Varma and Stashower, 2006). Early symptoms including pain, malaise, fever, and thirst occur within the first 24 hours of invasion of bacteria. This is the time NF is usually misdiagnosed because progression of the disease is not visible until tissue destruction has already stated (McGee, 2005). Walter (2004) states that the hallmark of NF is erythema that spreads quickly with a margin of redness that extends to normal skin and is not raised. Advance symptoms occur 48-72 hours later and are characterized by significant pain at the wound site, increasing erythema, edema, and warmth. The skin tissue then becomes discolored and deteriorates further. The redness turns to dusky or blue and bullae (vesicles) appear. These bullae enlarge and then rupture leaking out dishwater pus a foul smelling, thin dirty gray liquid (Kessenich, 2004); (Ruth-Sahd and Gonzales, 2008). 4-5 days after appearance of the first symptoms patients can begin to demonstrate critical symptoms ranging from numbness and hypotension to toxic shock and unconsciousness. From there the patient can develop gangrene, sepsis, and then death may occur (McGee, 2005). When the initial symptoms are found it can be difficult to differentiate between NF and celluitis thus it is important to remember the hallmark of NF. After 3-5 days of onset when there is skin breakdown, bullae, and cutaneous gangrene present which are defin itive signs of NF and the involved area is usually not painful due to the are becoming anesthetic secondary to thrombosis of small vessels and nerve destruction located in the necrotic subcutaneous tissue Mandell, Bennett, and Dolin, 2005). Laboratory and Imaging Studies Common laboratory studies used in diagnosing NF include complete blood cell count with differential (CBC), Electrolytes, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine phoshokinase (CPK), rapid streptococcus test, and a culture and sensitivity. CBC may show an increase in WBC greater than 14,000/ul and the electrolytes may show a sodium level less than 135 mmol/L, which are both indicative of NF (Schwartz, 2006). The BUN may also be elevated to 15 mg/ml and the CPK may be elevated, indicating the presence of tissue breakdown. A C S with a Gram stain can determine whether the infection is Type 1 or Type 2, which will help to determine what antibiotics to prescribe. Computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to help diagnose NF. Ct scans can visualize the subcutaneous air and find the anatomic site of involvement by detecting necrosis with asymmetric fascial thickening (Maynor, 2006). MRI is helpful with guided rapid debridement of the wounds. Treatment In order to prevent significant disfigurement and/or death in the patient with NF is a quick diagnosis and very aggressive treatment is needed from the start. Broad spectrum antibiotics that treat gram-positive and negative aerobes and anaerobes are prescribed around the clock until the specific strain of the bacteria can be identified and treated appropriately. Due to the amount of antibiotics being administered and possible toxicity involved, Kidney and Liver function should be monitored during therapy. The patient will also need intravenous fluids, pain management, and possibly TPN. All necrotic tissue on the patient needs to be debrided with diligence in removing fascia, skin and subcutaneous tissue involved as early as possible, which may need to be performed multiple times to effectively remove all necrotic tissue. Hyperbaric therapy may be prescribed as an additional therapy. Role of the NP The NP needs to be able to recognize the early symptoms of NF so that he or she will be able to begin treatment quickly. A collaborative multidisciplinary care approach needs to be used for the care of this type of patient. The care team will need to include Critical/Acute care, Dietitian, Physical therapy, and Wound care Nurse. The patient will need a lot of education and psychological support as well. Conclusion Necrotizing Fasciitis is a very aggressive and debilitating disease that has a very rapid progression. Since the disease is very easily transmitted into the body with the potential of detection not until later stages due to the similarities to cellulitis. Rapid diagnosis and treatment is essential to prevent severe dismemberment and or death. So this makes the Nurse Practitioner working in ambulatory care the first line of defense against this rapidly debilitating disease.

Essay --

ME: I spent nearly 15 years harboring un-forgiveness against an individual. I was 7 years old I lost my Mother .My father was left to raise seven children. We didn’t have much and it showed in my appearance and unkempt hair. I remembered sitting in class one particular day; the teacher asked each of us what we wanted to be when we grew up. When the time came for me to answer I stood up and said that â€Å"I wanted to be a teacher† and she looked at me and said â€Å"you should think of something else more realistic. I had heard hurtful words repeatedly as a child but that day, I was crushed by them. I recall how the entire class laughed and made fun of me and years later I believed that I was never going to amount to anything, and everything I attempted failed. It was as if those words were like a ball and chain on me. My Dad was a weekend alcoholic back then and he worked hard during the week but on the weekends he was never around. My childhood was a very lonely one, I didn’t have any friends, only associates, but there was this guy name Chris, he was a sweet and very nice boy. I use to talk to him from time to time but he was very reserved and was always by himself. I felt badly for him, after all, I felt that we were both misfits. We had become good friends, and even though he wasn’t much of a talker, neither of us seemed to mind, we were just grateful to have the other as a friend. Then one day I learned that he had committed suicide. We hadn’t been friends all that long but he was the only friend I had and I was really hurt, angry, and I even questioned and blamed God for allowing it to happen. I couldn’t understand how he would allow it and I had a hard time dealing with it. I had to get away, so when I turned 18 I decided to ... ...e command, or any Holy words provided, as they are in the other two Sacraments. Also, a foot washing is void of evangelical grace, or pardon of sin, which is why it should not be practiced in the church as Sacrament. I pray that you learned from this study of Jesus’s example, and I pray that God continue to stir us up to live lives which are pleasing in His sight and from which He get all the honor and glory. It was due to this study that I was able to free myself by forgiving the teacher who spoke nothingness into my life and those who made my life a living hell growing up. Immediately when I forgave them I felt as if that ball and chain that was attached to me just broke into and fell off. I no longer receive the report of others; I believe what God said about me. I perform feet washing according to the teaching of Jesus; I just do not perform them as Sacrament.

Gullivers Travels †Comparing the Yahoos to Humans :: comparison compare contrast essays

Gulliver's Travels – Comparison of Yahoos to Humans The comparison of Yahoos to humans in Book Four of Jonathon Swift's Gulliver's Travels is entirely inappropriate. The Yahoos are shown as base creatures of barbaric nature and with little or no aptitude for learning. Swift's use of these lowly creatures to symbolize man is harsh, however, it does serve to enhance his satire to a certain degree. Nonetheless, his comparison is inaccurate and degrading to Mankind. In his novel, Jonathon Swift uses the Yahoo, a creature with a great likeness to humans except in the amount of hair and the colors of their skin, to represent the nature of Man. He implies that we are all "...strong and hardy, but of a cowardly Spirit, and by consequence, insolent, abject, and cruel."(p. ). Perhaps he is right about some people, but this is not true of all Mankind. Most people are not insolent or cruel, and many have truly courageous Spirits. Any man or woman who joins the army in the time of the "War on Terrorism" can not be a coward. In the World Wars, millions of people died for the love of their country, can you call that cowardice? As well, millions of institutions of higher learning have been established across the world. The Yahoos are shown to be ignorant and without any ability to learn. Human beings are constantly in the pursuit of knowledge, going to extreme lengths to satiate their boundless curiosity for the way things work within their world, and even without. Without a doubt, many human beings possess similar qualities to those of the Yahoos. We are capable of great cruelty, but also of great compassion. We can be insolent and rude, or we can be respectful and polite. We can be cowardly, but we are also capable of great feats of bravery. Mankind is not limited to the aspects of his nature that are unpleasant; he is constantly striving to surpass those negative characteristics. Swift's comparison may be inaccurate, but it is also quite effective. In one's mind's eye, one can almost see the lowly creatures. Picking out only those negative aspects of our natures and magnifying them allows us to see them clearly, without making excuses for ourselves.

American History X Essay

American History X is a film that centered on two brothers and how their lives changed when their father died. The story revolved around discrimination and racism. But most importantly, the movie emphasized the capability of an individual to change. The main character, Derek Vinyard, transformed into a racist when his father died â€Å"in the line of duty by a minority† and when he killed two black men who tried to rob him. Before he entered prison, Derek had already a preconceived notion that Blacks were menace to the society and that the Whites were the superior race. However, inside the penal complex, he found out that â€Å"there is good and bad in every race. † So to prevent his younger brother, Danny, from committing the same mistakes, Derek encouraged him to be open-minded and disregard all the things that were inculcated to him when they were members of the Neo-Nazi group (IMDb). This movie was able to show three sociological concepts namely: differential association, racism and social inequality. Differential association is a learning theory which focused on the processes by which individuals come to commit criminal acts (Hamlin). In the film, this was shown when Derek joined the neo-Nazi group; he started to adapt a more delinquent lifestyle like thrashing the local grocery store. Meanwhile, racism is defined as the idea that race sets the difference in the personality or competency of an individual which results to some race being better than the others (Eckert). This concept was portrayed when Seth and Danny were having a conversation. Seth asked Danny who he hated and Danny replied, â€Å"I hate anyone that isn’t white Protestant. They’re a burden to the advancement of the white race† (Kaye). Lastly would be social inequality which refers to the â€Å"ways in which socially-defined categories of persons (according to characteristics such as gender, age, ‘class’ and ethnicity) are differentially positioned with regard to access to a variety of social ‘goods’ like education† (Centre for East European Language-Based Area Studies). In the movie, this was represented when two Black guys were trying to steal Derek’s truck. This shows how some races are well off than the others because they have better jobs, houses and benefits. I think American History X is an eye-opening film about the presence of discrimination, prejudice and hatred in the society due to difference in race. More so, the movie tried to relay the message that delinquency is learned and it can be unlearned if an individual is put in a better environment. When Derek went to prison, he realized that race was not a major issue that separated one individual from another; it was more on how a person presented himself/herself to a group. In the end, it would always be every man for himself in this dog eat dog world. Works Cited â€Å"American History X. † 2009. IMDb. 28 May 2009 American History X. Dir. Tony Kaye. New Line Cinema, 1999. â€Å"New Dimensions of Social Inequality? † n. d. Centre for East European Language-Based Area Studies. 28 May 2009 Eckert, Susan. â€Å"What is Racism, Prejudice, Discrimination, Bias, and Xenophobia? 7 December 2007. Suite101. com. 28 May 2009 Hamlin, John. â€Å"Differential Association Theory. † March 2006. University of Minnesota Duluth. 28 May 2009

Organizational Focus and Goals Essay

Every organization has a specific set of goals and a differing focus. The only real commonality between them is, and they all strive for success. The focus of an organization will change depending on the needs of the organization and goals are set to attain the focus. Organizational Focus Currently, my organization is focused on doubling our company size in the next five years, growth. We are the second largest manufacturer of our product in the United States. Our overarching goal is to be the number one supplier. My organization understands to achieve this goal, our productivity and profitability depend on making sure all of our employees perform up to their full potential. â€Å"Goal setting is one of the primary tools used by organizations to assist in setting a direction and achieving it.† (Cothran & Wysocki, 2015, para. 1). My organization has set forth many goals some small and some large to obtain. Each goal is a milestone and a stepping stone toward our overarching goal of being number one. Training Needs Training is a central focus right now in my organization. With the size of the company expanding, so does every aspect of it. What this means is that software, tasks, functions, production, processes, and many other areas are all changing. These are just a few to illuminate the need for training. As the organization experiences growth, training is needed to prepare employees to harness the growth that is change. Seasoned employees will need trained in the new software, processes, and even new job duties. Training will keep the wheel of business turning and moving forward to reach the overarching goal, to be number one in the industry. Besides existing employees needing training, with the company expanding its size, this means a lot of new hires will be funneling into all the departments to fill the needs of the organization. These new employees will also need training; however, they will also need to learn the organizational norms, trends, rules, and code of conduct. The new hires will play a vital role in propelling us into the future and meeting our ultimate (overarching) goal. Prioritizing Training The goals set forth by my organization are packaged together to allow for training prior to moving forward. As an example, we rolled out a new software program to meet our needs. This program will take over the current one and move us into position to better keep up with finances as we double our size. The training for the new software was rolled out two months prior to the actual software. The priority of training is relevant to what package is being rolled out. Organizational goals and current focus will significantly impact what training is needed and when it is needed. Specific Training Needs What my organization is doing in regards to prioritizing training is working great. I would not change anything. Prior to something new being rolled out, ample time is given for training. Each new package released has specific training methods attached to bring seasoned employees up to date and introduce new hires. Conclusion The overarching goal is the ultimate goal or where the company wants to be. Training employees according to the ultimate goal will ensure that the workforce is being properly trained to achieve it. If an organization does not keep the overarching goal in mind while prioritizing training, there could be a lapse in training. What this means is that the employees and organizational goals will meet at a crossroads, and the employees will not be prepared. The failure in training will ultimately prevent the organization from reaching the overarching goal. References Blanchard, P.N., & Thacker, J.W. (2007). Employee training and development (3rd Ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Cothran, H.M., & Wysocki, A.F. (2015). Developing Smart Goals for Your Organization. University of Florida IFAS Extension. Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe577 Noe, R.A. (2008). Employee training and development (4th Ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

MARKETING COMMUNICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

MARKETING COMMUNICATION - Essay Example The process of creating, maintaining and enhancing strong, value –laden relationship with customers and stakeholder’s {Kolter et al 1999, p11}.The development of on-going (and, if possible, constantly deepening and improving) relationship, as opposed to one –off transaction. A key principle is to extend the duration, or lifetime, of a customer’s purchasing relationship with the firm, and therefore to maximise their ‘‘life time value† that is, the future flow of net profit arising from the relationship. Transactions are single exchanges between an organisation and customer: a single market exchange in the form of a purchase {goods exchange of information or influence (such as an offer and a response). The focus of transaction marketing(TM) is to look to each transaction or encounter as an opportunity to maximise short term gain, without necessarily considering future contacts, or the effect of this transaction on the potential for future contacts. At its worst, transactional marketing can be seen as manipulative or exploitative approach (Egan, 2004).it has been recognized that: transaction marketing is inadequate to cope with today’s business environment. A focus on single transaction fails to leverage the potential inherent in the customer base, and other relationship, to add value for the organisation and for the customer. E.g., it fails to gather on-going customer feedback which could be used to refine marketing strategy Relationship marketing intentionally aims to retain customers (keep them purchasing repeatedly over time) and foster customer loyalty (create a favorable attitude or bias which drives repeat purchase). Research by Fredrick Reichheld, a management consultant at Brain & co, found that a high correlation between customer retention and company profitability: retained customers are more profitable than new customer for several reasons. Is an interactive approach which builds a database of all communications and

Argentinas economic status Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Argentinas economic status - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that with 23 states and also an autonomous city, Argentina had been the second largest country in Latin America. Covering a total area of 2766890 square kilometers the country stands as the eight largest nations measured 30th in terms of population. The country had a fairly high per capita income in 1920 but suffered from severe political instability during the 80s due to the  economic crisis. The country was under 22 years of military rule and after that changed 25 presidents. Currently, the country is recovering from a severe downturn that it suffered owing to the 2001-02 economic crises. Reportedly the country has defaulted on debt in 2005 and then made a debt repayment of $9.5 million to IMF in January 2006. IMF even questions Argentina’s accounting measures and credibility of data especially the one concerned with inflation. Keeping this at backdrop the paper intends to present a study of Argentina’s economic status by looking upon its past history of economic crisis and also examining the extent of recovery from such a crisis currently. The country of Argentina situated in Latin America had been going through a political turmoil for many years along with disastrous economic conditions. Economic crisis followed by debt crisis has been piling up one after another. Currently, the country is facing the problems of high prices and persistent double-digit inflation.... To test such a hypothesis we first consider a brief history of the past economic problems and then address the current economic problem through various findings and analysis. We also look upon the technical and financial assistance provided by the developmental organizations World Bank and IMF. Literature review Several economists have analyzed and performed research studies on Argentina’s economic condition. A research study has been performed to get an idea of poverty prevailing in Argentina due to such economic conditions. The data has been collected from EPH which is the main household survey of Argentina. Real income has been taken as an indicator of poverty and inequality. Fall in real income (8%) for the years 1992-96 comes along with the increase in GDP (8.9%) for the same years. Such a discrepancy reveals an overestimation of GDP in the data provided by local Argentinean surveys. Some unaccounted income such as rent and capital income might also be a cause for such a dubious result (Gasparini). Growth incidence curves have also been used for studying the changes in income pattern. The curves have been below the horizontal axis and positively sloped. High inequality in income is revealed from such a study of income changing patterns (Gasparini). Poverty status of Argentina has been studied using poverty lines with three poverty indicators namely the headcount ratio, the poverty income gap and FGT. Value of poverty lines have been expressed in local currency units. The data has collected for the period 1992-06. Such a study has shown that although Argentina has somewhat recovered from the 2001-02 crisis it has not been able to eradicate poverty. With the crisis there has been

The writer can write any suitable topic relating to what he's Essay

Client Relationship Management - Essay Example It will encompass the details of the topic of discussion on how it has been leveraged by the companies to gain the competitive advantage over the others. It will also contain important industrial examples to justify the statements. The client relationship management (CRM) of an organization involves the interaction of company with its customers and other external business partners. The interactions with the clients are mostly conducted in such a manner that it leads to a long-term working relationship with them. CRM has come to the vanguard of organizational practices only since the last ten years (Ed, 2008). The terminology of CRM may be relatively new, but the underlying concept is being used for a relatively long period of time. The business houses have tried out different forms of customer retention techniques to ensure a steady cash flow and gain a strong position in the industry. However, the CRM that is commonly used today is quite different from that of the past practices. Previously, the employees used to keep track of the loyal customers by memorizing their identities and keeping track of their preferences. This process may be effective in maintaining a good relationship with the customers, leading to customers’ retention by increasing the likelihood of the customers’ return. Over time the business market scenario has changed. This is mostly because of the increased competition from newly developed firms and changing demand of customers. Customer or Client Relationship Management becomes quite difficult when the business of the company starts to grow with the increased customer base and increased product portfolio (Buttle, 2008). It then becomes almost impossible for the employees to memorize the identity and preferences of all the customers. Modern client relationship management is mostly technology driven. There are several CRM softwares available for the firms which can be utilized to track the consumers’ behavior and their purchase pattern (Fjermestad, 2006).

Discussion for online HRM Healthcare class Essay

Discussion for online HRM Healthcare class - Essay Example The result of the study was that health care professionals act in a professional manner because of their professional consciousness. The study even figured out that the main reason due to which individuals of the health care are de-motivated is because they fail to satisfy their professional consciousness. They quit their jobs because of lack of required resources and inappropriate application of tools of human resource management. The study proved that a major role in the retention of health care professionals such as nurses is played by incentives that are not monetary in nature. The study even proved that if human resource management is properly applied, nursing professionals will become motivated. Proper application includes: helping health care professionals develop their career and recognizing and rewarding nurses for the professionalism they have shown towards their profession. Work environment is required which will help promote wellbeing of the workers. Mathauer, I., & Imhoff, I. (January 01, 2006). Health worker motivation in Africa: the role of non-financial incentives and human resource management tools. Human Resources for Health, 4

Security Management in Maritime Organisations Case Study

Security Management in Maritime Organisations - Case Study Example TT Club aims at providing practical security measures which are limited to particular countries while the objective of the ISPS code is to establish an international maritime security framework. With the mutual coordination of contracting and local governments of shipping port facilities, the ISPS Code provides a complete theoretical solution to maritime possible threats and risks. One of the main reasons for comparing the TT Club manual with the ISPS code is to determine the extent to which the implementation of International Convention for the safety of Life at Sea adopted on December 12, 2002 made possible and followed. Other reasons to follow the ISPS Code are to list out all those possible threats which have never been considered before. The Club is a maritime Insurance company which provides all kinds of transport insurance to 80 countries of the world while the ISPS code targets all the shipping ports throughout the globe. TT Club provides pro-active determination of loss at some cost to its business members, but is limited to 80 countries. Another reason for comparing both the manuals is that the ISPS code is applied to all passenger and cargo ships (3.1) and one cannot ignore the fact that TT Club as an Insurance company is limited to provide maritime Insurance. Therefore it is obvious that TT Club would not take into account the hidden real world pro blems. Let us begin with the functional requirements of both the manuals. The TT Club manual is published with a view of preventing loss at the utmost. Moreover it serves as 'loss prevention guide'. The best evidence for calling it as 'loss prevention guide' is that it avoids security threats by avoiding computerised systems at the utmost. On the other hand, the ISPS Code is all about security of ships and ports and presents all techniques of preventing threats and risks and follows the functional requirements of the port (1.3). Ship Security Plan (SSP) containing Audits According to the ISPS Code 16.58, it is the responsibility of the SSP to conduct regular or updated audit reviews with the help of Company Security Officer (CSO) and Ship Security Officers (SSO) whereas the TT Club Manual suggests that Audit surveys are not limited to the responsibility of any particular person. However the main concern for both the manuals behind conducting audits i.e., ISPS code and TT Club Manual is to assess security at all levels to determine vulnerable access points. According to Security Level 1 of Section 7 of the Ship Security which sets appropriate controlling, monitoring and supervising access to different areas of the ship including deck, cargo and ship's stores, TT Club manual takes hold and observes all access points of the ship. These include all kinds of used and unused gates, access to the port facilities, and physical and logical security threats. Security Levels of the ISPS Code The security levels are set by priorities of their associated risks. Like level 1 is the normal level which is usually followed by the ships and ports. Security level 2 is applied in a condition which in addition to the threat exposure is experiencing a critical risk. Therefore the level is applied as long as the risk is there. Similarly level 3 entail exceptional threats, which usually do not occur in

Effective Training Essay Example for Free

Effective Training Essay Human Resource Development or HRD is about the enhancing and widening skills by helping people to grow within the organization, and by enabling them to make better use of their abilities and skills. In an increasingly competitive world, which is the reality for most organizations today, few would disagree with the view that a link should exist between the training and the development that the organization undertakes and the business strategy of that organization (Wilson, 1999). Personnel are now widely regarded as ‘human resources’ with the implication that, like other resources, they are to be valued and carefully managed. The amount of financial resource available for the training and development of employees is not unlimited, necessitating decisions where to deploy training activity to maximum effect, and such decision can only be made if those responsible for ‘Human Resource Development’ or HRD are clear about the organization’s strategy and priorities (Wilson, 1999). An alignment between strategy and training and development is now commonly regarded as good business sense in all corners of the globe, but despite this, there is some evidence from both Europe and the United States that, while at an intellectual level this link is recognized, the practice may be considerably different in many countries. Training and development has traditionally been a functional division of the personnel department concerned with carrying out the identification of training and development needs, planning and designing training, implementing training and evaluating it (Wilson, 1999). Small organization handles the responsibilities of Human Resource Development and its Human Resources by emulating larger organization in the way they implement ways in guiding their personnel to be more productive and skillful. The only difference between small and large organization is on the process or methods they implement their ways due to lesser personnels.

Post Positivism History And Philosophy Psychology Essay

Post Positivism History And Philosophy Psychology Essay According to Cheek (2008, pp. 762-766) research design refers to the combination of three important and interrelated considerations requiring focused attention when formulating and conducting research; the theoretical foundations guiding research, data collection and analysis methods, as well as ethical concerns. Theoretical frameworks essentially provide a lens through which to examine and conduct research. Inherent to each framework are specific philosophical perspectives which inform and reflect the researchers ontological and epistemological views. The choice of theoretical framework will subsequently impact and guide decisions about research methods, which will then influence ethical considerations. Denzin and Lincoln (1994, as cited in Finlay Ballinger, 2006, pp. 16-17) identify four research paradigms underpinning the theoretical framework of a research project; positivist and post-positivist, constructivist-interpretive, critical, and feminist-post structural. While post-pos itivism is closely associated with the quantitative approach, interpretivism is embedded within the qualitative approach. Quantitative and Qualitative Baumgartner and Hensley (2006, p. 17) describe quantitative research as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦involving the collection of numerical data in order to describe phenomena, investigate relationships between variables, and explore cause-and-effect relationships of phenomena of interest. Quantitative data can be obtained from an extensive array of sources including experiments, randomised controlled trials, and structured observation. While quantitative data can be analysed using such methods as correlation, factor analysis, and psychometrics. At the most fundamental level, the quantitative research process is guided by application of the scientific method. This involves a set of structured steps through which the researcher moves in a logical and systematic manner to obtain knowledge, answer a question, or solve a problem (Baumgartner Hensley, pp. 9-11). While Haig (2010, p. 1326) identifies four dominant theories within the scientific method including the inductive and hypothetico-deductive me thods, Baumgartner and Hensley (2006, pp. 9-11) identify five basic steps inherent to this process: (1) Identifying the question; (2) Formulating a hypothesis; (3) Developing a research plan; (4) Collecting and analysing data; (5) Interpreting results and forming conclusions. Experimental research is characteristic of quantitative research. Accounting for independent variables, while identifying and classifying all other extraneous variables, the experimental researcher works to manipulate dependent variables with the aim of establishing direct (value-neutral, cause-and-effect) relationships between phenomena (Baumgartner Hensley, 2006, pp. 159-162). Garwood (2006, p. 251) identifies advantages of the quantitative method as including, its ability to measure change over time; the generalizability of research findings; and the variability of statistical analysis which numerical data allows. However qualitative researchers have criticised the quantitative method in its traditional positivist philosophy for its inability to analyse the social constructs influencing relationships and phenomena under investigation (Garwood, p. 251). According to Sumner (2006, p. 249) qualitative research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is concerned to explore the subjective meaning through which people interpret the world, the different ways in which reality is constructedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in particular contexts. Qualitative data can be obtained through various methods such as interviews, action research, surveys, and observation. While qualitative data can be analysed through a myriad of methods including discourse analysis, hermeneutical analysis, and content analysis. Despite this diversity of approach, Finlay and Ballinger (2006, pp. 6-8) identify five commonalities which all qualitative researchers acknowledge and value (p. 6). These include: the impact of researcher subjectivity on knowledge production; the importance of the researcher-researched relationship; a commitment to hypothesis-generation through exploration and induction as opposed to hypothesis-testing; the influence of social constructs upon subjective experience, beliefs, and int erpretations; as well as the ambiguous, multiple, and fragmented nature of reality which is constantly shifting and open to re-signification (Finlay Ballinger, p. 6). According to Munhall (2007, p. 6), the value of qualitative research lies in its ability to provide insight and meaning into the situated context of individual experience. Acknowledging the contextual and dynamic nature of reality, qualitative research also allows for in-depth analysis of complex phenomena. As outlined by Sumner (2006, p. 249), criticisms of the qualitative approach commonly refer to a supposed lack of rigour and generalizability. These comments, however, appear more to reflect the different philosophical and theoretical aims of the qualitative and quantitative approach. For example, while quantitative researchers attempt to examine phenomena objectively, qualitative researchers employ reflexivity; identifying and explicitly stating their subjective values and bias (Baumgartner Hensley, 2006, p. 206). Further, while quantitative research is structured and rigorous in approach, establishing hypothesis and conducting experiments to test these, qualitative research is emergent; hypothesis are generated as the research process progresses with the development of new and unexpected patterns shifting the research focus (Baumgartner Hensley, pp. 202-203). Of importance, and as explicated by Sumner (2006, p. 249), qualitative research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is often based upon interpretivism, constructivism, and inductivism. Thus, while quantitative research is primarily deductive, attempting to control, explain, and predict phenomena external of influence; qualitative research attempts to understand, explore, and describe phenomena from within the social and cultu ral constructions of the lived experience. Post-Positivism History and Philosophy Classical positivism emerged from the works of August Comte (1789-1875). Comte believed that empirical verification (observation and measurement) was the foundation of all scientific development (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 8). During the 19th Century classical positivism was reconceptualised through the work of philosophers from the Vienna circle into what became known as logical positivism. As Polifroni and Welch (1999, p. 8) explain, logical positivists aimed to eliminate all metaphysical considerations from within the scientific process. The possibility of theory was rejected, with claims to knowledge justified through observation of phenomena, which logical positivists believed could be examined external to its context (Munhall, 2007, p. 127). By obtaining theory-neutral facts, logical positivists maintained it was possible to obtain objective truth and develop Universal Laws to describe and predict phenomena. The 20th Century philosopher and critical realist Karl Popper (1902-1994) challenged the assumptions of logical positivists, arguing all attempts at objectivity were inherently subjective. For Popper all knowledge is provisional, conjectural, hypothetical (Thornton, 2013 (Spring Edition) para. 19). Thus, as Thornton (2013 (Spring Edition) para. 19) explicates, scientific theories cannot be empirically verified, only momentarily confirmed or empirically falsified. Furthermore, Popper believed metaphysical questions should be returned to scientific enquiry to enable deeper analysis of phenomena (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 67). By acknowledging the fundamental relativity and fallibility of knowledge claims and enabling the exploration of ontological concerns, Popper believed science could advance through the constant redevelopment of theories as informed by previous falsifications (what he termed verisimilitude) to gradually arrive at a position closer to the truth (Thornton, 2013 (Spri ng Edition) para. 20-30). Poppers philosophical observations represent the foundations of post-positivism. Interpretivism History and Philosophy Interpretivism has a long, rich, and complex history which is compressed and rather succinctly explained by Scwandt (1994, as cited in Willis, 2007, p. 100) as having foundations in the German intellectual tradition of hermeneutics and the verstehen tradition of sociology, the phenomenology of Alfred Shutz, and critiques of scientism and positivism in the social sciences [including] the writings of ordinary language philosophers critical of logical empiricism. Interpretivsits believe what constitutes reality is socially constructed and that therefore, understanding the context in which research occurs is critical to the interpretation of data gathered (Willis, p. 98). Unlike post-positivist research, interpretivist research does not seek to gain knowledge through explanation but rather through understanding (Willis, p. 98). As Willis (2007, p. 100) states, this fundamental distinction was first made by William Dilthey (1813-1911) who proposed that although explanation (erklaren) and the establishment of Universal laws may be an appropriate aim for the natural sciences; it is incompatible for research in the cultural (human) sciences. Instead, Dilthey believed the human sciences should focus upon gaining meaning through understanding (verstehen). An aim achieved by examination of the lived experience. Diltheys conceptualisation of interpretivism reflect his origins in hermeneutics; a tradition which Baumgartner and Hensley (2006, p. 203) describe as fundamental to qualitative research. Hermeneutics, given foundations by Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) (Munhall, 2007, p. 111), refers to a theory and method of interpretation; of discovering hidden meaning by understanding the context in which meaningful human action occurs (Baumgartner Hensley, 2006, p. 203). According to Willis (2007, p. 104) philosophical hermeneutics is grounded in interpretivist epistemology; rejecting foundationalism in favour of a subjective, contextual understanding. This grounding was heavily influenced by the work of Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), through whose efforts the entire foundation of philosophy shifted from an epistemological to an ontological focus. Challenged by the work of Edmund Husserl, Heidegger developed a hermeneutical interpretation of phenomenology (Finlay Ballinger, 2006, pp. 186-187) aimed at understanding the experience of being-in-the-world or Dasein (Wheeler, 2013 (Spring Edition)). Enabling analysis and interpretation of experience or phenomena, through which themes and meaning emerge, is the hermeneutic circle. As explained by Willis (2007, p. 106), during this process the researcher constantly shifts between the parts and the whole; continually revising and further developing interpretations by moving from the research topic, to the research context, to the researchers own subjective understanding. Originally developed by Dilthey (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 242), the circle was reconceptualised by Heidegger to reflect and inform his ontological investigations, coming to represent the interplay between our self-understanding and our understanding of the world (Ramberg Gjesdal, 2009 (Summer Edition) para. 33). Appropriated by the existentialist Hans-Georg Gadamer in his search for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an understanding of understanding (Polifroni Welch, 1999, p. 242) the circle remains in use today; representative of the origins of interpretivism. Post-Positivism and Interpretivism As the preceding sections have alluded, post-positivism is grounded in the ontology of critical realism. Post-positivists therefore maintain that although there exists an external reality independent of human consciousness, obtaining a truly objective view of this reality is not possible. Nonetheless, the post-positivist preserves objectivity as an ideal in the search for truth. Conversely, interpretivism is grounded in the ontology of relativism. Thus, interpretivists believe not only that access to an objective reality is impossible as all knowledge is contextually relative, but that there exists no universal truths (Smith, 2008, p. 275). These foundational beliefs are reflected within the data collection and analysis processes. Creswell (2003, as cited in Baumgartner Hendley, 2007, p. 201) identifies four types of qualitative data collection methods: documents, observation, audio-visual, and interviews. According to Rebar and Macnee (2011, p. 151) at the most foundational level, data collected in qualitative studies should function to enable the researcher to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦construct a description of the meaning of the variables under study. This is in comparison to quantitative data collection methods which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aim to measure the variables of interest clearly, specifically, and accurately(Rebar Macnee, p. 155). Reflecting the aim of statistical analysis of numerical data, quantitative data collection methods may include chemical laboratory tests, systematic observations, physiologic measurement or highly structured questionnaires (Rebar Macnee, p. 155). In relation to data analysis, Rebar and Macnee (2011, p. 69) assert that while organising and assessing data to find meaning remains the same for both the qualitative and quantitative approach, methods to achieve this aim differ considerably. For example, within the qualitative research approach the aim is to describe and explain; to gain insight into a specific experience or phenomena, understood as contextual and relative (Rebar Macnee, p. 69). While in contrast, results obtained from quantitative data analysis (which may also describe and explain) primarily aim to infer and predict; to be generalizable beyond the specific research setting (Rebar Macnee, pp. 66-67). As Baumgartner and Hensley (2006, pp. 323-341) state, central to attaining inference from quantitative data is the presence of objectivity, reliability, and validity during data collection. Conversely, avoiding error and establishing rigor within qualitative data collection and analysis requires the researcher to constantly review data to ensure its trustworthiness, confirmability, transferability, and credibility (Rebar Macnee, 2011, p. 151). Therefore, while the quantitative researcher employs formulae and statistical methods to organise data and extract meaning; the qualitative researcher derives meaning via methods of induction and interpretation. As explained by Julian (2008) the intellectual process (para. 1) of content analysis, within which the qualitative researcher categories and codes data identifying dominant themes which are subsequently explored and described, represents one of these methods. With the aim of comparing and contrasting the post-positivist and interpretivist research paradigms, this essay began by delineating the fundamental distinctions between the quantitative and qualitative research method. Following this, the history and philosophy of both post-positivism and interpretivism were outlined, with significant figures impacting upon each paradigm identified. Finally, methodological differences between the post-positivists and interpretivist research paradigms were compared and contrasted, with differences within data collection and analysis methods of each framework outlined. In summary, while post-positivism emerged from the work of Karl Popper, is associated with the quantitative research method, and adopts a critical realist philosophy; interpretivism emerged from the work of William Dilthey and Martin Heidegger, is associated with the qualitative research method, and adopts a relativist philosophy. Depending on research aims, post-positivism and interpre tivism offer two unique and characteristic frameworks which function to guide and inform the research process.